Ooooh no. I kinda wish to avoid seeing this question if I could have. The truth is... I'm one of those who's only seen mainstream Sherlock. I haven't really read much of Doyle's works aside from A Study in Scarlet (and I only read the half of that before I got bored of "The Country of the Saints"). I'm afraid I simply don't read a lot of literature, being more interested in more visual-focused mediums like films and video games. So most of my knowledge of Holmes comes from either Wikipedia or the mainstream media.
Unfortunately, I'm unaware of any significant difference between mainstream Sherlock and Doyle's Sherlock from "Study in Scarlet". I know that Robert Downey Jr. did a piss-poor portrayal of the character. Cumberbatch did a better job of bringing the character to life in that BBC TV series, from what little I've read of Doyle's descriptions, i.e.: his constant reliance on drugs, his love affair with The Woman, playing violin while deep in thought, etc.
One significant difference is possibly his emotionless nature. It's one trait that I don't really know how accurate it is in Cumberbatch's portrayal. In the aforementioned TV series, Sherlock is a ruthless and calculating machine who loathes sentiments and speaks without concern for other people's feelings. I don't really know (enough) how much emotion Doyle depicted in his books, but I'd imagine it isn't as sociopathic as Cumberbatch's version.