So what's the difference between a loli and moe anime character?
Moe characters
I'm not 100% sure but I think both tend to be young characters, though moe characters tend to make you go "Awwhh" a lot more... maybe feelings of a character being innocent and klutzy but youthful with the best of intentions.
Yui Hirasawa from K-ON!!
Rikka Takansahi from Chuunibyou demo Koi ga Shitai (maybe?)
Loli characters
Whereas loli characters I tend to think more of being cute too but not quite evoking the same feeling. Just cute, but not enough to make you go "Awwh." Supernatural, fantasy or sci-fi young characters come to mind, though not always the case.
Ram and Rom from Hyperdimension Neptunia Animation
Iona (I-401) from Arpeggio of Blue Steel -Ars Nova-
Discuss, and feel free to correct me.